2,271 research outputs found
Holographic Superconductors in a Cohesive Phase
We consider a four-dimensional N=2 gauged supergravity coupled to matter
fields. The model is obtained by a U(1) gauging of a charged hypermultiplet and
therefore it is suitable for the study of holographic superconductivity. The
potential has a topologically flat direction and the parameter running on this
"moduli space" labels the new superconducting black holes. Zero temperature
solutions are constructed and the phase diagram of the theory is studied. The
model has rich dynamics. The retrograde condensate is just a special case in
the new class of black holes. The calculation of the entanglement entropy makes
manifest the properties of a generic solution and the superconductor at zero
temperature is in a confined cohesive phase. The parameter running on the
topologically flat direction is a marginal coupling in the dual field theory.
We prove this statement by considering the way double trace deformations are
treated in the AdS/CFT correspondence. Finally, we comment on a possible
connection, in the context of gauge/gravity dualities, between the geometry of
the scalar manifold in N=2 supergravity models and the space of marginal
deformations of the dual field theory.Comment: 32 pages, 11 figures. Introduction rewritten and clarified, comments
and details on section 4 added, acknowledgements rectified. To appear in JHE
Imputation of Ordinal Outcomes: A Comparison of Approaches in Traumatic Brain Injury.
Loss to follow-up and missing outcomes data are important issues for longitudinal observational studies and clinical trials in traumatic brain injury. One popular solution to missing 6-month outcomes has been to use the last observation carried forward (LOCF). The purpose of the current study was to compare the performance of model-based single-imputation methods with that of the LOCF approach. We hypothesized that model-based methods would perform better as they potentially make better use of available outcome data. The Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study (n = 4509) included longitudinal outcome collection at 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months post-injury; a total of 8185 Glasgow Outcome Scale extended (GOSe) observations were included in the database. We compared single imputation of 6-month outcomes using LOCF, a multiple imputation (MI) panel imputation, a mixed-effect model, a Gaussian process regression, and a multi-state model. Model performance was assessed via cross-validation on the subset of individuals with a valid GOSe value within 180 ± 14 days post-injury (n = 1083). All models were fit on the entire available data after removing the 180 ± 14 days post-injury observations from the respective test fold. The LOCF method showed lower accuracy (i.e., poorer agreement between imputed and observed values) than model-based methods of imputation, and showed a strong negative bias (i.e., it imputed lower than observed outcomes). Accuracy and bias for the model-based approaches were similar to one another, with the multi-state model having the best overall performance. All methods of imputation showed variation across different outcome categories, with better performance for more frequent outcomes. We conclude that model-based methods of single imputation have substantial performance advantages over LOCF, in addition to providing more complete outcome data
Multispecies genetic objectives in spatial conservation planning.
The growing threats to biodiversity and global alteration of habitats and species distributions make it increasingly necessary to consider evolutionary patterns in conservation decision-making. Yet there is no clear-cut guidance on how genetic features can be incorporated into conservation planning processes, with multiple molecular markers and several genetic metrics for each marker type to choose from. Genetic patterns also differ between species, but the potential trade-offs amongst genetic objectives for multiple species in conservation planning are currently understudied. This study compares spatial conservation prioritizations derived from two metrics of both genetic diversity (nucleotide and haplotype diversity) and genetic isolation (private haplotypes and local genetic differentiation) for mitochondrial DNA for five marine species. The findings show that conservation plans based solely on habitat representation noticeably differ from those additionally including genetic data, with habitat-based conservation plans selecting fewer conservation priority areas. Furthermore, all four genetic metrics selected approximately similar conservation priority areas, which is likely a result of prioritizing genetic patterns across a genetically diverse array of species. Largely, the results suggest that multi-species genetic conservation objectives are vital to create protected area networks that appropriately preserve community-level evolutionary patterns. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Handling of Missing Outcome Data in Traumatic Brain Injury Research: A Systematic Review.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research commonly measures long-term functional outcome, but studies often suffer from missing data as patients are lost to follow-up. This review assesses the extent and handling of missing outcome data in the TBI literature and provides a practical guide for future research. Relevant electronic databases were searched from January 1, 2012 to October 27, 2017 for TBI studies that used the Glasgow Outcome Scale or Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS/GOSE) as an outcome measure. Studies were screened and data extracted in line with Cochrane guidance. A total of 195 studies, 21 interventional, 174 observational, with 104,688 patients were included. Using the reported follow-up rates in a mixed model, on average 91% of patients were predicted to return to follow-up at 6 months post-injury, 84% at 1 year, and 69% at 2 years. However, 36% of studies provided insufficient information to determine the number of subjects at each time-point. Of 139 studies that did report missing outcome data, only 50% attempted to identify why data were missing, with just 4 reporting their assumption on the "missingness mechanism." The handling of missing data was heterogeneous, with the most common method being its exclusion from analysis. These results confirm substantial variability in the standard of reporting and handling of missing outcome data in TBI research. We conclude that practical guidance is needed to facilitate meaningful and accurate study interpretation, and therefore propose a framework for the handling of missing outcome data in future TBI research.The work of HFL, AIRM, DN, EWS, DKM and LW was supported in the context of CENTERTBI (www.center-tbi.eu) by the Fp7 program of the EU (602150). VFJN was supported by an Academy of Medical Sciences / The Health Foundation Clinician Scientist Fellowship. SR was supported by a National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Academic Clinical Fellowship. The research was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based as the Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Cambridge
Wilson loops stability in the gauge/string correspondence
We study the stability of some classical string worldsheet solutions employed
for computing the potential energy between two static fundamental quarks in
confining and non-confining gravity duals. We discuss the fixing of the
diffeomorphism invariance of the string action, its relation with the
fluctuation orientation and the interpretation of the quark mass substraction
worldsheet needed for computing the potential energy in smooth (confining)
gravity background. We consider various dual gravity backgrounds and show by a
numerical analysis the existence of instabilities under linear fluctuations for
classical string embedding solutions having positive length function derivative
. Finally we make a brief discussion of 't Hooft loops in
non-conformal backgrounds.Comment: 34 pages, 36 figures. Reference added. Final version JHEP accepte
General Form of the Color Potential Produced by Color Charges of the Quark
Constant electric charge satisfies the continuity equation where is the current density of the electron.
However, the Yang-Mills color current density of the quark
satisfies the equation which is not a continuity
equation () which implies that a color charge
of the quark is not constant but it is time dependent where
are color indices. In this paper we derive general form of color
potential produced by color charges of the quark. We find that the general form
of the color potential produced by the color charges of the quark at rest is
given by \Phi^a(x) =A_0^a(t,{\bf x}) =\frac{q^b(t-\frac{r}{c})}{r}\[\frac{{\rm
exp}[g\int dr \frac{Q(t-\frac{r}{c})}{r}] -1}{g \int dr
\frac{Q(t-\frac{r}{c})}{r}}\]_{ab} where integration is an indefinite
integration, ~~ , ~~, ~~ is the retarded time, ~~ is the speed
of light, ~~ is the position of the quark at the retarded
time and the repeated color indices (=1,2,...8) are summed. For constant
color charge we reproduce the Coulomb-like potential
which is consistent with the Maxwell theory where
constant electric charge produces the Coulomb potential
.Comment: Final version, two more sections added, 45 pages latex, accepted for
publication in JHE
Correlation Functions of Large N Chern-Simons-Matter Theories and Bosonization in Three Dimensions
We consider the conformal field theory of N complex massless scalars in 2+1
dimensions, coupled to a U(N) Chern-Simons theory at level k. This theory has a
't Hooft large N limit, keeping fixed \lambda = N/k. We compute some
correlation functions in this theory exactly as a function of \lambda, in the
large N (planar) limit. We show that the results match with the general
predictions of Maldacena and Zhiboedov for the correlators of theories that
have high-spin symmetries in the large N limit. It has been suggested in the
past that this theory is dual (in the large N limit) to the Legendre transform
of the theory of fermions coupled to a Chern-Simons gauge field, and our
results allow us to find the precise mapping between the two theories. We find
that in the large N limit the theory of N scalars coupled to a U(N)_k
Chern-Simons theory is equivalent to the Legendre transform of the theory of k
fermions coupled to a U(k)_N Chern-Simons theory, thus providing a bosonization
of the latter theory. We conjecture that perhaps this duality is valid also for
finite values of N and k, where on the fermionic side we should now have (for
N_f flavors) a U(k)_{N-N_f/2} theory. Similar results hold for real scalars
(fermions) coupled to the O(N)_k Chern-Simons theory.Comment: 49 pages, 16 figures. v2: added reference
Holographic and Wilsonian Renormalization Groups
We develop parallels between the holographic renormalization group in the
bulk and the Wilsonian renormalization group in the dual field theory. Our
philosophy differs from most previous work on the holographic RG; the most
notable feature is the key role of multi-trace operators. We work out the forms
of various single- and double-trace flows. The key question, `what cutoff on
the field theory corresponds to a radial cutoff in the bulk?' is left
unanswered, but by sharpening the analogy between the two sides we identify
possible directions.Comment: 31 pages, 3 figures. v2: Minor clarifications. Added reference
Home visits by family physicians during the end-of-life: Does patient income or residence play a role?
BACKGROUND: With a growing trend for those with advanced cancer to die at home, there is a corresponding increase in need for primary medical care in that setting. Yet those with lower incomes and in rural regions are often challenged to have their health care needs met. This study examined the association between patient income and residence and the receipt of Family Physician (FP) home visits during the end-of-life among patients with cancer. METHODS: Data Sources/Study Setting. Secondary analysis of linked population-based data. Information pertaining to all patients who died due to lung, colorectal, breast or prostate cancer between 1992 and 1997 (N = 7,212) in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia (NS) was extracted from three administrative health databases and from Statistics Canada census records. Study Design. An ecological measure of income ('neighbourhood' median household income) was developed using census information. Multivariate logistic regression was then used to assess the association of income with the receipt of at least one home visit from a FP among all subjects and by region of residency during the end-of-life. Covariates in the initial multivariate model included patient demographics and alternative health services information such as total days spent as a hospital inpatient. Data Extraction Methods. Encrypted patient health card numbers were used to link all administrative health databases whereas the postal code was the link to Statistics Canada census information. RESULTS: Over 45% of all subjects received at least one home visit (n = 3265). Compared to those from low income areas, the log odds of receiving at least one home visit was significantly greater among subjects who reside in middle to high income neighbourhoods (for the highest income quintile, adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15, 1.64; for upper-middle income, adjusted OR = 1.19, 95%CI = 1.02, 1.39; for middle income, adjusted OR = 1.33, 95%CI = 1.15, 1.54). This association was found to be primarily associated with residency outside of the largest metropolitan region of the province. CONCLUSION: The likelihood of receiving a FP home visit during the end-of-life is associated with neighbourhood income particularly among patients living outside of a major metropolitan region
Running Scaling Dimensions in Holographic Renormalization Group Flows
Holographic renormalization group flows can be interpreted in terms of
effective field theory. Based on such an interpretation, a formula for the
running scaling dimensions of gauge-invariant operators along such flows is
proposed. The formula is checked for some simple examples from the AdS/CFT
correspondence, but can be applied also in non-AdS/non-CFT cases.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figure
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